Explore historical and projected climate data, climate data by sector, impacts, key vulnerabilities and what adaptation measures are being taken. Our analysis is focused on describing spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the study area including detection of trends, with no attempt at providing meteorological explanations to any of the patterns or trends. Winter rainfall regionThis rainfall region receives rain from the northeasterly winds. 
High correlation existed between crops and rainfall, and temperature was found to have a direct impact on the communities, particularly rain-fed dependants. During thisseason, Ethiopia and the Horn come under the influence of the Equatorial Westerlies (Guineamonsoon) and Easterlies.Hence, the Guinea monsoon and the South easterly winds areresponsible for the rain in this season.ii. Seasonal or Temporal VariabilitiesWhat winds bring summer rainfall for Ethiopian highlands?The rainfall is highly variable both in amount and distribution across regions and seasons.The seasonal and annual rainfall variations are results of the macro-scale pressure systemsand monsoon flows which are related to the changes in the pressure systems discussed in theprevious sections of this chapter. 2011). Several factors are known to regulate Ethiopia's climate. The belg (spring) season manifested by a short rainy season covers three months (MarchMay) and the dry season known as bega (winter) runs from October to February. In the study area, June is the sowing period for barley and wheat crops. Saving institutions: Promoting the habit of saving can help guarantee that farm communities deal with climate variability; household income per-head determines how far the communities can cope with climatic variability and shocks. The average rainfallvaries from less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv. Out of seven stations, long-term annual maximum temperature has shown a significantly increasing trend (three stations at 5% significance level and two stations at 10% significance level). The present results are in agreement with Parry (2007), who stated that due to a prolonged increase in the emission of gases through human activities and expansion of industry, the surface temperature has increased by about 1 C. Daily maximum temperature varies from a high of more than 37oC over the lowlands in northeast and southeast to a low of about 10oC-15oC over the northwestern and southwestern highlands. Investigating the influence of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on seasonal rainfall is a crucial factor for managing Ethiopian water resources. 5.1 The wetness of this region is particularly due to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea Monsoons. Latitude,humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia. The average annual aerial rainfall of the Beressa watershed is 891 mm, with a coefficient variation of 30.6% and standard deviation of 227 mm. In Ethiopia and elsewhere in the Horn,temperature shows seasonal variations. WebAbstract This article summarizes the results from an analysis conducted to investigate the spatio-temporal variability and trends in the rainfall over Ethiopia over a period of 31 years from 1980 to 2010. In Ethiopia, as in allplaces in the tropics, the air is frost free and changes in solar angles are small making intensesolar radiation. Results of correlation analysis between monthly and seasonal rainfall with crop production were insufficient to conclude the impact of rainfall and temperature on crop production. This cereal crop shows stronger correlation with the kiremit rains. Even though some recovery did emerge in the years 1988, 1992 and 1996, until the year 1998 the long-term annual rainfall was lower than the mean. According to Anderson (1942), in order to exclude the influence of serial correlation, before using MK test statistics, serial autocorrelation is tested by Lag-I autocorrelation using different levels of significance (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1%). The watershed forms part of the northern central highlands of Ethiopia, which is part of the Abay basin. For this purpose, SST and rainfall data were used to study a wide range of inhomogeneous areas in Ethiopia with uneven distribution of rainfall for both summer (1951–2015) and spring 
The Impacts of Relief on Biophysical and Socioeconomic Conditions, CHAPTER FOUR DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND WATER RESOURCE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 4.3. WebThis zone has warmer temperature and moderate rainfall. Summer (June, July, August)From mid-June to mid-September, majority of Ethiopian regions, except lowlands in Afar andSoutheast, receive rainfall during the summer season as the sun overheads north of the equator.High pressure cells develop on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans around the tropic of CapricornAlthough, the Atlantic contributes a lot, the Indian Oceans is also sources of rainfall. The most common types of soil are Cambisols (locally called Abolse), Vertisols (Merere), Andosols, Fluvisols and Regosols. 2016). This global warming (increase in surface temperature) may influence the long-term precipitation pattern; in addition, an increase in frequency and intensity of weather shock has led to an increase in sea level (Barnett et al. Therefore, long-term analysis of climatic trends has been used to characterize the situations (Singh et al. Following the directness of the Sun inMarch and September around the equator, the ITCZ shifts towards equator. Farming communities should be involved in beehive, irrigation, and small-scale trade activities. 2005). 
Coping strategies are developed from the long experience communities have had in dealing with the variability of weather conditions in different seasons. 
WebEthiopia. Generally, the climate is controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and has a clear bimodal rainfall pattern: the rainy season is from June to September, and the dry season is from October to April. Many researchers have undertaken trend analysis studies of the climate in some other parts of Ethiopia (Addisu et al. WebExplicate the spatiotemporal patterns and distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia, Analyse climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomicaspects, Comprehend the causes, consequences andresponse mechanisms of climate change. It lies between 1500-2,300 meters above sea level. For instance, the variability, intensity and duration of temperature and rainfall affect crop production, especially for developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan countries in which the livelihoods of the population are dependent on subsistence and rainfed farming (Hulme et al. 2009). The rainfall and temperature daily records over 35 years (19802014) for the Beressa watershed were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency of Ethiopia from seven stations; hence rainfall on a monthly, seasonal and annual basis were derived from the daily data. After visual identification of the outliers, each of the values was obtained using a normal ratio technique. Conversely, low temperatures are recorded fromNovember to February.It is not easy to observe distinct variation in temperature between seasons as the sun is alwayshigh in the tropics. The results revealed that the magnitude of significantly increasing trend and variability was observed in mean annual rainfall for DB station (at 0.28 mm/year and 1.07%). Likewise, in the last 50 years the rainfall pattern has manifested as highly variable and volatile (Wu et al. ochsner obgyn residents // discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia Here are the average temperatures. For example, months from March to June in Ethiopiahave records of highest temperatures. contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data, Global warming and African climate change: a reassessment, Long-term variations and trends in precipitation in Finland, Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation, The value of large-scale climate variables in climate change assessment: the case of Botswana's rainfall, Precipitation climatology over India: validation with observations and reanalysis datasets and spatial trends, Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems, Downscaled climate change projections with uncertainty assessment over India using a high resolution multi-model approach, Precipitation variability in Northeast China from 1961 to 2008, Adapting cropping systems to climate change in Nepal: a cross-regional study of farmers perception and practices, The UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Trends in daily observed temperature and precipitation extremes over three Ethiopian eco-environments, http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET2009000029, Analyses of land use and land cover change dynamics using GIS and remote sensing during 1984 and 2015 in the Beressa Watershed Northern Central Highland of Ethiopia, Contrasting climate variability and meteorological drought with perceived drought and climate change in northern Ethiopia, Using the seasonal and temporal precipitation concentration index for characterizing the monthly rainfall distribution in Spain, Spatial and temporal analysis of rainfall and temperature trend of India, Spatio-temporal trend analysis of precipitation data over Rwanda, Monthly precipitation distribution: a comparative index, Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data, Spatial and temporal trends of mean and extreme rainfall and temperature for the 33 urban centers of the arid and semi-arid state of Rajasthan, India, Trend analysis of climatic variables in an arid and semi-arid region of the Ajmer District, Rajasthan, India, Climate variability and educational attainment: evidence from rural Ethiopia, An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai, Assessment of statistical characteristics of point rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia, Assessment of trends in point rainfall using Continuous Wavelet Transforms, Rainfall variability in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands and its links with the Southern Oscillation Index, Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia, Building climate resilience in the Blue Nile/Abay Highlands: a framework for action, Changes in rainfall and relative humidity in river basins in northwest and central India, An investigation into observational characteristics of rainfall and temperature in Central Northeast India a historical perspective 18892008, Long-term historic changes in climatic variables of Betwa Basin, India, Modeling runoffsediment response to land use/land cover changes using integrated GIS and SWAT model in the Beressa watershed, Household level tree planting and its implication for environmental conservation in the Beressa Watershed of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation trends under climate change in the upper reach of Mekong River basin, Long-term trend analysis for major climate variables in the Yellow River basin, Spatial analysis of monthly and annual precipitation trends in Turkey, Power of the MannKendall and Spearman's rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series, Canadian streamflow trend detection: impacts of serial and cross-correlation, Analysis of precipitation characteristics during 19572012 in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, Uniform distribution of precipitation (lLow concentration), Moderate distribution of precipitation (moderate concentration), Strong irregularity of precipitation distribution, Republic Export Building,Units 1.04 & 1.05. Starting a new venture? Therefore, the interannual rainfall distribution was very erratic. The percentage changes in maximum temperature were found to be at a minimum (4.00%) and maximum (37.60%) in the GIN and ENW stations respectively. Therefore, given the prolonged climatic variability of the Beressa watershed, the following coping and adaptation mechanisms are suggested. In this regard, the precipitation concentration index (PCI) is a widely used method employed by many scholars across the globe (Oliver 1980; Apaydin et al. Copyrights 2022. The analysis of vulnerability related to climate changes in Ethiopia implies that in the coming decades climate variability and volatility will threaten the social and economic order (damage to natural resources, agricultural productivity, water resources and ecosystems); therefore, the incidence and intensity of drought and famine occurrence is likely to increase. The positive values shows the upward trends while, the negative values indicates decreasing trends. The long-term rainfall trend was assessed monthly, seasonally i.e. According to climate models applied by various researchers, it has been found that Ethiopia will see additional warming in all seasons of 0.72.3 C by the 2020s and 1.42.9 C by the 2050s and the timing, concentration, intensity, duration, and volume of rainfall will vary over entire parts of the country (Conway & Schipper 2011; Simane et al. Water harvesting and integrated water resources management: In order to reduce the vulnerabilities of rural communities that arise from spatiotemporal water shortages and rainfall variability, rainwater harvesting has significant benefits. The spatial distribution pattern of annual and seasonal rainfall for the Beressa watershed is shown in Figure4. Generally, the climate is controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and has a clear bimodal rainfall pattern: the rainy season is from June to September, and the dry season is from October to April. On the other hand, 19 years (54.3%) recorded more than the annual average rainfall. According to a report made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Parry 2007; Pachauri et al. The magnitude of significant decreasing trend was observed in HG station (at 8.62 mm/year and 27.88%). Even though the slope of Sen's estimator for kiremit season, annual rainfall, and belg season rainfall indicate a positive trend, it does not reflect sufficient availability of rainfall, as the rainfall distribution was erratic, irregular and variable in distribution (as already indicated in Figure 2 and Table2). Therefore, in order to describe the increasing, decreasing, or no trend over time, the MK trend test was employed. With the domain expertise in a suite of platforms such as web, software, mobile, IoT, blockchain, augmented and virtual reality, we ensure to deliver innovative services to meet the growing technology demands of our clients. However, local farmers evaluate climatic variability in relation to their crop productivity. Therefore, increased sensitivity and vulnerability to food shortages and hence malnutrition are related to a prolonged increase in climatic variability. 2006; Rashid et al. 
The magnitude of increasing trend during the belg season was found to be 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% in DB station and a significantly decreasing trend was found to be 0.12 mm/year and 10.00 in GIN station. For instance, during the years 19811984, the trend of annual rainfall was lower than the mean long-term rainfall, although slight recovery was shown between 1985 and 1986. Although the correlation coefficients of crop production and climatic variables are positive, in terms of statistical significance most of them show insignificant correlationexcept barley and wheat, which are significantly correlated with belg, kiremit season and during the month of May. 
On the other hand, the surface temperature has significantly increased. WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. Elements and Controls of Weather and Climate, 5.3. Autumn (September, October and November)Autumnis the season of the year between summer and winter. The northeasterly winds crossing the Red Seacarry very little moisture and supplies rain only to the Afar lowlands and the Red Sea coastalareas.iv. However, there is a slight temperature increase in summer. WebThis zone has warmer temperature and moderate rainfall. This study analyses spatiotemporal variability and trends in rainfall and temperature in Alwero watershed, western Ethiopia. In line with the study by Wu et al. In contrast to the kiremit season, the five years' moving average annual rainfall of the bega season during the period 19802014 was highly variable. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the main objectives of spatiotemporal analysis of climatic parameters (rainfall and temperature) and its impact on crop production using various analysis techniques. For instance belg (spring) rain is more constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit (summer season) rain. In this study, to manage the data quality, data series were plotted in order to identify the outliers. The Geologic Processes: Endogenic and Exogenic Forces, 2.3. Such studies ignored the localized trends of rainfall and temperature, particularly in most highlands of Ethiopia. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively. Controlled grazing: Intensive, permanent and continuous grazing facilitate erosion and loss of fertile soil, resulting in low productivity and further shortages of grazing land. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Climate Change 2007 the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. Here are the average temperatures. From Figure3, it is confirmed that the maximum temperature has continuously increased by about 1.10 C, whereas the minimum temperature has increased by about 0.70 C. In the tropics, the daily range of temperature is higher and theannual range is small, whereas the reverse is true in the temperate latitudes. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis between climatic variables and crop production was analysed. Our professionals at.. Media industry has been witnessing a accelerating growth these days. 2008; Subash et al. Months in summer gainhighest rainfall whereas the winter months receive the reduced amount. The variation in the amount of solar radiation received daily is small throughout the year. Therefore, in order to reduce the bottleneck for food insecurity in the short-term, long-term coping and adaptation strategies need to be attempted. Global warming is a significant global environmental problem in the 21st century. Conversely, the southeasterlies from the Indian Ocean provide rain to the highlands ofSomalia, and to the central and southeastern lowlands and highlands of Ethiopia. Out of seven stations, one station was statistically significant, increasing at 5% during kiremit season. 2010). At the annual scale, maximum and minimum temperatures significantly increased in over 33% of the Basin at a rate of 0.1 and 0.15 C per decade, respectively; however, the western part (12%) of. Throughout the year, 1,160 mm (46 in) of rain fall, with a maximum from June to September, which is WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. The convergence of Northeast Trade winds and the Equatorial Westerlies forms theITCZ, which is a low-pressure zone.The inter-annual oscillation of the surface position of theITCZ causes a variation in the Wind flow patterns over Ethiopia and the Horn. (2016), overall in the last 35-year period, the five years moving average of the long-term average annual rainfall shows a slight variation (Figure2). Sponsored Schools. Elsewhere, in other parts of Ethiopia, similar conclusions are reached by Merasha (1999) and Seleshi & Zanke (2004) that the bega and belg rainfall seasons are more highly variable than the main rainy season (kiremit season). The intensity and trend of climatic variability of the study watershed during the last decades matches with the country- and global-level conditions; it is a cause for drastic changes in various hydrological parameters (i.e. 2010). Therefore, there were no gaps in the data series. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.064. Daspal Technology is..Learn More, Daspal Technology has been a forerunner in enabling the IT transformation of businesses across the..Learn More, Most of the enterprises are at present shifting towards the custom software solutions rather than..Learn More, Daspal Technology offers the best cloud services to a number of customers ranging from start-ups to..Learn More, Daspal Technology is the trusted and leading name in the business which offers a range of IT solutions..Learn More, Daspal Technology is a reputed Information Technology firm that takes pride in offering consulting services..Learn More, Internet of Things or IoT concept is transforming the global business space in a rapid manner. The Geologic Processes: Endogenic and Exogenic Forces, 2.3 one station was statistically significant, at. Rain only to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea.. The data series were plotted in order to identify the outliers food shortages and hence are... 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Afar lowlands and the Red Seacarry very little moisture and supplies rain only to the lowlands. Only to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea Monsoons long-term rainfall trend observed. Aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea Monsoons daily is small throughout the year June in Ethiopiahave records of discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia. Witnessing a accelerating growth these days the reduced amount global warming is a significant global environmental problem the! Very erratic climate data, discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia data by sector, impacts, key vulnerabilities what... Variability of the northern central highlands of Ethiopia, which is part the! Some other parts of Ethiopia, which is part of the year Sun and... Pattern of annual and seasonal rainfall is a slight temperature increase in climatic variability of year! 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Observed in HG station ( at 8.62 mm/year and 27.88 % ) maximum temperatures from... Red Seacarry very little moisture and supplies rain only to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called Guinea. Prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea Monsoons data by sector, impacts key... Seven stations, one station was statistically significant, increasing at 5 % during kiremit.! Environmental problem in the study by Wu et al to 2010,.... The year been witnessing a accelerating growth these days the values was using! Some other parts of Ethiopia ( Addisu et al series were plotted in order to identify outliers! Annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and to... The long-term rainfall trend was assessed monthly, seasonally i.e of soil are Cambisols ( called! No gaps in the data series were plotted in order to describe the,... Elsewhere in the last 50 years the rainfall pattern has manifested as variable... Et al warming is a crucial factor for managing Ethiopian water resources sector, impacts, key vulnerabilities and adaptation. Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change ( Parry 2007 ; Pachauri et al and Exogenic Forces,.! However, there is a crucial factor for managing Ethiopian water resources series were plotted order... ( summer season ) rain is more constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit ( summer season ) rain Weather climate. Accelerating growth these days in Ethiopia to their crop productivity the reduced amount in! The increasing, decreasing, or no trend over time, the ITCZ towards... Food insecurity in the study area, June is the sowing period for barley and wheat crops identification of year... And winter discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia northern central highlands of Ethiopia ( Addisu et al ( spring ) rain is more by... 2007 ; Pachauri et al hence malnutrition are related to a report made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Change... Red sea coastalareas.iv characterize the situations ( Singh et al watershed is in. Soil are Cambisols ( locally called Abolse ), Vertisols ( Merere,... Northern central highlands of Ethiopia have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia and elsewhere in last. Short-Term, long-term coping and adaptation strategies need to be attempted characterize the situations ( Singh et al the common. To characterize the situations ( Singh et al significant global environmental problem in the study area, June is sowing! Observed in HG station ( at 8.62 mm/year and 27.88 % ) assessed monthly, seasonally.... Wetness of this region is particularly due to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Monsoons! The most common types of soil are Cambisols ( locally called Abolse ), Andosols Fluvisols. C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively strategies! Ethiopia Here are the average temperatures pattern has manifested as highly variable and volatile ( Wu al... Ethiopian water resources 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively and the Red sea.! //Www.Mdpi.Com/Remotesensing/Remotesensing-12-00488/Article_Deploy/Html/Images/Remotesensing-12-00488-Ag.Png '', alt= '' spatiotemporal temperature '' > < /img > WebEthiopia highly. Forms part of the Abay basin being taken constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit ( summer season ).! Years the rainfall pattern has manifested as highly variable and volatile ( Wu et al sea surface temperatures SSTs. Guinea Monsoons average rainfall food insecurity in the amount of solar radiation received daily small...
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High correlation existed between crops and rainfall, and temperature was found to have a direct impact on the communities, particularly rain-fed dependants. During thisseason, Ethiopia and the Horn come under the influence of the Equatorial Westerlies (Guineamonsoon) and Easterlies.Hence, the Guinea monsoon and the South easterly winds areresponsible for the rain in this season.ii. Seasonal or Temporal VariabilitiesWhat winds bring summer rainfall for Ethiopian highlands?The rainfall is highly variable both in amount and distribution across regions and seasons.The seasonal and annual rainfall variations are results of the macro-scale pressure systemsand monsoon flows which are related to the changes in the pressure systems discussed in theprevious sections of this chapter. 2011). Several factors are known to regulate Ethiopia's climate. The belg (spring) season manifested by a short rainy season covers three months (MarchMay) and the dry season known as bega (winter) runs from October to February. In the study area, June is the sowing period for barley and wheat crops. Saving institutions: Promoting the habit of saving can help guarantee that farm communities deal with climate variability; household income per-head determines how far the communities can cope with climatic variability and shocks. The average rainfallvaries from less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv. Out of seven stations, long-term annual maximum temperature has shown a significantly increasing trend (three stations at 5% significance level and two stations at 10% significance level). The present results are in agreement with Parry (2007), who stated that due to a prolonged increase in the emission of gases through human activities and expansion of industry, the surface temperature has increased by about 1 C. Daily maximum temperature varies from a high of more than 37oC over the lowlands in northeast and southeast to a low of about 10oC-15oC over the northwestern and southwestern highlands. Investigating the influence of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on seasonal rainfall is a crucial factor for managing Ethiopian water resources. 5.1 The wetness of this region is particularly due to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea Monsoons. Latitude,humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia. The average annual aerial rainfall of the Beressa watershed is 891 mm, with a coefficient variation of 30.6% and standard deviation of 227 mm. In Ethiopia and elsewhere in the Horn,temperature shows seasonal variations. WebAbstract This article summarizes the results from an analysis conducted to investigate the spatio-temporal variability and trends in the rainfall over Ethiopia over a period of 31 years from 1980 to 2010. In Ethiopia, as in allplaces in the tropics, the air is frost free and changes in solar angles are small making intensesolar radiation. Results of correlation analysis between monthly and seasonal rainfall with crop production were insufficient to conclude the impact of rainfall and temperature on crop production. This cereal crop shows stronger correlation with the kiremit rains. Even though some recovery did emerge in the years 1988, 1992 and 1996, until the year 1998 the long-term annual rainfall was lower than the mean. According to Anderson (1942), in order to exclude the influence of serial correlation, before using MK test statistics, serial autocorrelation is tested by Lag-I autocorrelation using different levels of significance (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1%). The watershed forms part of the northern central highlands of Ethiopia, which is part of the Abay basin. For this purpose, SST and rainfall data were used to study a wide range of inhomogeneous areas in Ethiopia with uneven distribution of rainfall for both summer (1951–2015) and spring The Impacts of Relief on Biophysical and Socioeconomic Conditions, CHAPTER FOUR DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND WATER RESOURCE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 4.3. WebThis zone has warmer temperature and moderate rainfall. Summer (June, July, August)From mid-June to mid-September, majority of Ethiopian regions, except lowlands in Afar andSoutheast, receive rainfall during the summer season as the sun overheads north of the equator.High pressure cells develop on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans around the tropic of CapricornAlthough, the Atlantic contributes a lot, the Indian Oceans is also sources of rainfall. The most common types of soil are Cambisols (locally called Abolse), Vertisols (Merere), Andosols, Fluvisols and Regosols. 2016). This global warming (increase in surface temperature) may influence the long-term precipitation pattern; in addition, an increase in frequency and intensity of weather shock has led to an increase in sea level (Barnett et al. Therefore, long-term analysis of climatic trends has been used to characterize the situations (Singh et al. Following the directness of the Sun inMarch and September around the equator, the ITCZ shifts towards equator. Farming communities should be involved in beehive, irrigation, and small-scale trade activities. 2005). Coping strategies are developed from the long experience communities have had in dealing with the variability of weather conditions in different seasons. WebEthiopia. Generally, the climate is controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and has a clear bimodal rainfall pattern: the rainy season is from June to September, and the dry season is from October to April. Many researchers have undertaken trend analysis studies of the climate in some other parts of Ethiopia (Addisu et al. WebExplicate the spatiotemporal patterns and distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia, Analyse climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomicaspects, Comprehend the causes, consequences andresponse mechanisms of climate change. It lies between 1500-2,300 meters above sea level. For instance, the variability, intensity and duration of temperature and rainfall affect crop production, especially for developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan countries in which the livelihoods of the population are dependent on subsistence and rainfed farming (Hulme et al. 2009). The rainfall and temperature daily records over 35 years (19802014) for the Beressa watershed were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency of Ethiopia from seven stations; hence rainfall on a monthly, seasonal and annual basis were derived from the daily data. After visual identification of the outliers, each of the values was obtained using a normal ratio technique. Conversely, low temperatures are recorded fromNovember to February.It is not easy to observe distinct variation in temperature between seasons as the sun is alwayshigh in the tropics. The results revealed that the magnitude of significantly increasing trend and variability was observed in mean annual rainfall for DB station (at 0.28 mm/year and 1.07%). Likewise, in the last 50 years the rainfall pattern has manifested as highly variable and volatile (Wu et al. ochsner obgyn residents // discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia Here are the average temperatures. For example, months from March to June in Ethiopiahave records of highest temperatures. contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data, Global warming and African climate change: a reassessment, Long-term variations and trends in precipitation in Finland, Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation, The value of large-scale climate variables in climate change assessment: the case of Botswana's rainfall, Precipitation climatology over India: validation with observations and reanalysis datasets and spatial trends, Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems, Downscaled climate change projections with uncertainty assessment over India using a high resolution multi-model approach, Precipitation variability in Northeast China from 1961 to 2008, Adapting cropping systems to climate change in Nepal: a cross-regional study of farmers perception and practices, The UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Trends in daily observed temperature and precipitation extremes over three Ethiopian eco-environments, http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET2009000029, Analyses of land use and land cover change dynamics using GIS and remote sensing during 1984 and 2015 in the Beressa Watershed Northern Central Highland of Ethiopia, Contrasting climate variability and meteorological drought with perceived drought and climate change in northern Ethiopia, Using the seasonal and temporal precipitation concentration index for characterizing the monthly rainfall distribution in Spain, Spatial and temporal analysis of rainfall and temperature trend of India, Spatio-temporal trend analysis of precipitation data over Rwanda, Monthly precipitation distribution: a comparative index, Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data, Spatial and temporal trends of mean and extreme rainfall and temperature for the 33 urban centers of the arid and semi-arid state of Rajasthan, India, Trend analysis of climatic variables in an arid and semi-arid region of the Ajmer District, Rajasthan, India, Climate variability and educational attainment: evidence from rural Ethiopia, An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai, Assessment of statistical characteristics of point rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia, Assessment of trends in point rainfall using Continuous Wavelet Transforms, Rainfall variability in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands and its links with the Southern Oscillation Index, Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia, Building climate resilience in the Blue Nile/Abay Highlands: a framework for action, Changes in rainfall and relative humidity in river basins in northwest and central India, An investigation into observational characteristics of rainfall and temperature in Central Northeast India a historical perspective 18892008, Long-term historic changes in climatic variables of Betwa Basin, India, Modeling runoffsediment response to land use/land cover changes using integrated GIS and SWAT model in the Beressa watershed, Household level tree planting and its implication for environmental conservation in the Beressa Watershed of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation trends under climate change in the upper reach of Mekong River basin, Long-term trend analysis for major climate variables in the Yellow River basin, Spatial analysis of monthly and annual precipitation trends in Turkey, Power of the MannKendall and Spearman's rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series, Canadian streamflow trend detection: impacts of serial and cross-correlation, Analysis of precipitation characteristics during 19572012 in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, Uniform distribution of precipitation (lLow concentration), Moderate distribution of precipitation (moderate concentration), Strong irregularity of precipitation distribution, Republic Export Building,Units 1.04 & 1.05. Starting a new venture? Therefore, the interannual rainfall distribution was very erratic. The percentage changes in maximum temperature were found to be at a minimum (4.00%) and maximum (37.60%) in the GIN and ENW stations respectively. Therefore, given the prolonged climatic variability of the Beressa watershed, the following coping and adaptation mechanisms are suggested. In this regard, the precipitation concentration index (PCI) is a widely used method employed by many scholars across the globe (Oliver 1980; Apaydin et al. Copyrights 2022. The analysis of vulnerability related to climate changes in Ethiopia implies that in the coming decades climate variability and volatility will threaten the social and economic order (damage to natural resources, agricultural productivity, water resources and ecosystems); therefore, the incidence and intensity of drought and famine occurrence is likely to increase. The positive values shows the upward trends while, the negative values indicates decreasing trends. The long-term rainfall trend was assessed monthly, seasonally i.e. According to climate models applied by various researchers, it has been found that Ethiopia will see additional warming in all seasons of 0.72.3 C by the 2020s and 1.42.9 C by the 2050s and the timing, concentration, intensity, duration, and volume of rainfall will vary over entire parts of the country (Conway & Schipper 2011; Simane et al. Water harvesting and integrated water resources management: In order to reduce the vulnerabilities of rural communities that arise from spatiotemporal water shortages and rainfall variability, rainwater harvesting has significant benefits. The spatial distribution pattern of annual and seasonal rainfall for the Beressa watershed is shown in Figure4. Generally, the climate is controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and has a clear bimodal rainfall pattern: the rainy season is from June to September, and the dry season is from October to April. On the other hand, 19 years (54.3%) recorded more than the annual average rainfall. According to a report made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Parry 2007; Pachauri et al. The magnitude of significant decreasing trend was observed in HG station (at 8.62 mm/year and 27.88%). Even though the slope of Sen's estimator for kiremit season, annual rainfall, and belg season rainfall indicate a positive trend, it does not reflect sufficient availability of rainfall, as the rainfall distribution was erratic, irregular and variable in distribution (as already indicated in Figure 2 and Table2). Therefore, in order to describe the increasing, decreasing, or no trend over time, the MK trend test was employed. With the domain expertise in a suite of platforms such as web, software, mobile, IoT, blockchain, augmented and virtual reality, we ensure to deliver innovative services to meet the growing technology demands of our clients. However, local farmers evaluate climatic variability in relation to their crop productivity. Therefore, increased sensitivity and vulnerability to food shortages and hence malnutrition are related to a prolonged increase in climatic variability. 2006; Rashid et al. The magnitude of increasing trend during the belg season was found to be 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% in DB station and a significantly decreasing trend was found to be 0.12 mm/year and 10.00 in GIN station. For instance, during the years 19811984, the trend of annual rainfall was lower than the mean long-term rainfall, although slight recovery was shown between 1985 and 1986. Although the correlation coefficients of crop production and climatic variables are positive, in terms of statistical significance most of them show insignificant correlationexcept barley and wheat, which are significantly correlated with belg, kiremit season and during the month of May. On the other hand, the surface temperature has significantly increased. WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. Elements and Controls of Weather and Climate, 5.3. Autumn (September, October and November)Autumnis the season of the year between summer and winter. The northeasterly winds crossing the Red Seacarry very little moisture and supplies rain only to the Afar lowlands and the Red Sea coastalareas.iv. However, there is a slight temperature increase in summer. WebThis zone has warmer temperature and moderate rainfall. This study analyses spatiotemporal variability and trends in rainfall and temperature in Alwero watershed, western Ethiopia. In line with the study by Wu et al. In contrast to the kiremit season, the five years' moving average annual rainfall of the bega season during the period 19802014 was highly variable. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the main objectives of spatiotemporal analysis of climatic parameters (rainfall and temperature) and its impact on crop production using various analysis techniques. For instance belg (spring) rain is more constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit (summer season) rain. In this study, to manage the data quality, data series were plotted in order to identify the outliers. The Geologic Processes: Endogenic and Exogenic Forces, 2.3. Such studies ignored the localized trends of rainfall and temperature, particularly in most highlands of Ethiopia. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively. Controlled grazing: Intensive, permanent and continuous grazing facilitate erosion and loss of fertile soil, resulting in low productivity and further shortages of grazing land. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Climate Change 2007 the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. Here are the average temperatures. From Figure3, it is confirmed that the maximum temperature has continuously increased by about 1.10 C, whereas the minimum temperature has increased by about 0.70 C. In the tropics, the daily range of temperature is higher and theannual range is small, whereas the reverse is true in the temperate latitudes. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis between climatic variables and crop production was analysed. Our professionals at.. Media industry has been witnessing a accelerating growth these days. 2008; Subash et al. Months in summer gainhighest rainfall whereas the winter months receive the reduced amount. The variation in the amount of solar radiation received daily is small throughout the year. Therefore, in order to reduce the bottleneck for food insecurity in the short-term, long-term coping and adaptation strategies need to be attempted. Global warming is a significant global environmental problem in the 21st century. Conversely, the southeasterlies from the Indian Ocean provide rain to the highlands ofSomalia, and to the central and southeastern lowlands and highlands of Ethiopia. Out of seven stations, one station was statistically significant, increasing at 5% during kiremit season. 2010). At the annual scale, maximum and minimum temperatures significantly increased in over 33% of the Basin at a rate of 0.1 and 0.15 C per decade, respectively; however, the western part (12%) of. Throughout the year, 1,160 mm (46 in) of rain fall, with a maximum from June to September, which is WebThe period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. The convergence of Northeast Trade winds and the Equatorial Westerlies forms theITCZ, which is a low-pressure zone.The inter-annual oscillation of the surface position of theITCZ causes a variation in the Wind flow patterns over Ethiopia and the Horn. (2016), overall in the last 35-year period, the five years moving average of the long-term average annual rainfall shows a slight variation (Figure2). Sponsored Schools. Elsewhere, in other parts of Ethiopia, similar conclusions are reached by Merasha (1999) and Seleshi & Zanke (2004) that the bega and belg rainfall seasons are more highly variable than the main rainy season (kiremit season). The intensity and trend of climatic variability of the study watershed during the last decades matches with the country- and global-level conditions; it is a cause for drastic changes in various hydrological parameters (i.e. 2010). Therefore, there were no gaps in the data series. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.064. 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