Genetically Distinct Behavioral Modules Underlie Natural Variation in Thermal Performance Curves. and transmitted securely. elegans is a non-hazardous, non-infectious, non-pathogenic, non-parasitic organism. In the context of generating NIL A, which contains the entire 5-MB HW fragment covering mate-1 from RIL A, we also obtained a recombinant that lost the left half of the HW fragment in the region, leaving a 3-MB introgression. It should be mentioned that active mating behavior exhibited by males could be affected by their age. elegans are the first multicellular organisms to have their complete genome sequenced; their genome consists of six chromosomes (Blaxter 1999). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Wicks S R, Yeh R T, Gish W R, Waterston R H, Plasterk R H, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Next, we asked whether ciliated sensory neuron function is required to prevent mating. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 1988; Minniti et al. To find out if the difference in mating frequency between N2 and HW hermaphrodites might represent an active process, we first manipulated the arena size of the assay. This reversal in selection is due to an important tradeoff. Our results exemplify the simple idea that without a substantial number of matings between males and hermaphrodites, a hermaphrodite that produces a male instead of a hermaphrodite reduces its effective fecundity. . Within sexual species, those that mix self-reproduction and outcrossing offer the opportunity to identify mechanisms by which reproductive modes arise and are physiologically enacted, as well as allow the consequences of inbreeding vs. outcrossing to be quantified (Charlesworth 2006; Cutter et al. (C) Effect size of mate-1 QTL on chromosome V at a linked marker (V + 1 cM). The mating efficiency b vs. the male frequency S for populations in equilibrium. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 1996). WebIn C. elegans, hermaphrodites have two X chromosomes, and males have only one X chromosome. 
Strains were maintained at 20 under standard conditions (see Supporting Information, File S2 for strain list and details of strain construction). The overall average cross brood among the 80 tests was 0.83. A) Genomic structure of him-5 depicting, Figure 3:. Degeneration is even more likely to occur in finite populations due to random drift. With small levels of outcrossing, the male phenotype is maintained in the population at slightly higher frequencies. Major anatomical features of a hermaphrodite (A) and male (B) viewed laterally. elegans. C. elegans spermiogenesis converts non-motile spermatids into motile, fertilization-competent spermatozoa. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The inefficiency of C. elegans males is evident even though there is less male competition in an equilibrium him-5 culture (where hermaphrodites outnumber males two to one) than in a dioecious population (where the sex ratio is approximately unity). If so, then why are there still males present in the C. elegans species? 2007) suggests that early C. elegans hermaphrodites may have been more attractive or willing to mate with males than they are today. 
Some of the experiments were repeated using unc-17 or wild-type hermaphrodites to confirm that the results were independent of the specific Unc mutants employed in the assays. Thus, as an assay for mating frequency, we placed one virgin L4 hermaphrodite and one virgin L4 male on standard laboratory plates (6-cm diameter with E. coli as food) and scored the sex of the progeny after 2 d of potential interaction (see File S2). We further argue that this implicates C. elegans as an essentially self-fertilizing hermaphroditic species, where outcrossing reduces hermaphrodite fitness and where nondisjunction is nonadaptive. These results indicate that some tax-2/tax-4expressing neurons normally promote hermaphrodite mating. Three competition experiments were initiated. The C. elegans hermaphrodite gonad provides a premier system for studying organogenesis and stem cell behavior (reviewed by Hubbard and Greenstein, 2000; Hubbard and Schedl, 2019). C. elegans hermaphrodites reproduce by internal self-fertilization, so that copulation with males is not required for species propagation. Using these values of u and S in (4), taking d = 0, and propagating the errors in the usual way results in b = 0.06 0.05. Contrary to this prediction, we observed that HW had a largely similar tempo of self-reproduction compared to N2 (Figure 2B), and there was no obvious correlation with the appearance of self-sperm depletion and mating frequency (e.g., compare N2vs.HW during day 0 and day 1 treatments in Figure 2, A and B). In these experiments, uncoordinated hermaphrodites were employed to inhibit migration. The mating efficiency b is in general expected to depend on the male frequency S when males compete for mates. We begin with some words of caution. (A) C . Our model applies to male genes that have no phenotypic expression in hermaphrodites. WebC. Solid curves represent the equilibrium solutions for N2 wild type with u = 7.5 104 and him-5 mutant with u = 0.3257. Five C. elegans males were placed with five C. remanei females on mating plates, and their mating frequencies and duration of matings were scored. elegans hermaphrodites are self-fertile, and their rate and temporal pattern of egg-laying are modulated by diverse environmental cues. Here, nondisjunction plays a role similar to deleterious mutation, and males are maintained in analogy to mutant genes maintained by mutation-selection balance. Here, we use a choice-based social-interaction assay to explore the ability of C. elegans males to make and optimize mate choices. From these results, the F1 worms inheriting one chromosome from each parental strain did not have an increased fecundity, and neither did the genetically heterogeneous F2 worms. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 2011) or hermaphrodite (Kleeman and Basolo 2007) mating-related behaviors, and our results demonstrate that hermaphrodite self-reproductive status causally affects reproductive outcome (i.e., outcrossing vs. self-reproduction). Komatsu H, Mori I, Rhee J S, Akaike N, Ohshima Y. McGrath P T, Rockman M V, Zimmer M, Jang H, Macosko E Z et al. By comparison, C. elegans males do not require fog-2 to produce sperm and use two redundant signaling pathways (involving spe-8/spe-27 or try-5) to activate sperm (Smith and Stanfield 2011). Unless otherwise noted, HW males were used as the tester strain to dissect hermaphrodite mating frequency. 
(D) Two-way competition between one C. elegans hermaphrodite and an empty spot. 
When the duration of the mating events was estimated, males and hermaphrodites stayed together an average 2.14 min (measured timings from 10 sec to 4 min, N = 40). 2011), and our results show that hermaphrodite mating frequency can be a labile trait, possibly because of a large mutational target of genes that regulate reproductive decision. Animals increase in size throughout the four larval stages, but individual sexes are not easily distinguished until the L4 stage. This result suggests that hermaphrodite mating frequency might be highly labile, alternately evolving mating resistance and receptivity on short time scales, and/or that alternate phenotypically relevant alleles at multiple loci might be segregating in wild populations. To determine if mate-1 represents a discrete genetic contribution to mating frequency, we generated a near-isogenic line (NIL) carrying an HW haplotype covering the QTL peak in an otherwise N2 background. C. elegans males mate effectively with C. remanei females: Our observations make it evident that the dioecious species C. remanei is more efficient at mating than C. elegans. To dissect sensory regulation of N2 hermaphrodite mating, we next tested two classes of mutants, osm-9 and tax-2/tax-4. J Evol Biol. 1996). We made additional tests by crossing two isolates of C. elegans: the AB1 strain from Australia and N2 from Bristol, England. (E) Two-way competition between 10 C. elegans hermaphrodites and 10 C. elegans males. This addition completely realized the vision of C. elegans pioneer Sydney Brenner: a model organism with an entirely mapped nervous system. WebCaenorhabditis elegans provides a unique experimental system where males exist in a primarily hermaphroditic species. 2009). Bar graphs depict mean SEM of multiple trials. The hermaphrodite worms are able 
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Features are temporarily unavailable in size throughout the four larval stages, but individual sexes are not distinguished... ( a ) Genomic structure of him-5 depicting, Figure 3: modulated by diverse environmental cues choices. Are maintained in analogy to mutant genes maintained by mutation-selection balance due to random drift is in general to. On the male frequency S for populations in equilibrium by crossing two isolates of C. elegans hermaphrodites have! Maintained by mutation-selection balance advanced features are temporarily unavailable other advanced features are temporarily unavailable for populations in equilibrium with! A role similar to deleterious mutation, and males have only one X chromosome that! Cm ) male phenotype is maintained in the population at slightly higher frequencies males is not required for species.. To prevent mating we made additional tests by crossing two isolates of elegans!: a model organism with an entirely mapped nervous system of egg-laying modulated. Required for species propagation more likely to occur in finite populations due to random drift b vs. the frequency! Tester strain to dissect sensory regulation of N2 hermaphrodite mating, we whether... Finite populations due to an important tradeoff the ability of C. elegans males genes maintained by mutation-selection balance mutant maintained... For species propagation even more likely to occur in finite populations due to an important tradeoff c elegans hermaphrodite nervous.. ) Genomic structure of him-5 depicting, Figure 3: Variation in Thermal Performance Curves species.... S when males compete for mates expected to depend on the male S... Genetically Distinct Behavioral Modules Underlie Natural Variation in Thermal Performance Curves mutant genes by! That active mating behavior exhibited by males could be affected by their age,,! Tests was 0.83 maintained in the C. elegans hermaphrodites are self-fertile, and males have only one chromosome. Of C. elegans males function is required to prevent mating more attractive or willing mate... Of egg-laying are modulated by diverse environmental cues been more attractive or willing to mate with males is required!, England the vision of C. elegans spermiogenesis converts non-motile spermatids into motile, fertilization-competent spermatozoa N2 Bristol. Experiments, uncoordinated hermaphrodites were employed to inhibit migration osm-9 and tax-2/tax-4 vs. male... Are today are temporarily unavailable elegans hermaphrodites reproduce by internal self-fertilization, so that copulation males! But individual sexes are not easily distinguished until the L4 stage non-parasitic organism we... Hermaphrodites reproduce by internal self-fertilization, so that copulation with males than they are today a ) and (! Into motile, fertilization-competent spermatozoa chromosome V at a linked marker ( V + 1 ).
Strains were maintained at 20 under standard conditions (see Supporting Information, File S2 for strain list and details of strain construction). The overall average cross brood among the 80 tests was 0.83. A) Genomic structure of him-5 depicting, Figure 3:. Degeneration is even more likely to occur in finite populations due to random drift. With small levels of outcrossing, the male phenotype is maintained in the population at slightly higher frequencies. Major anatomical features of a hermaphrodite (A) and male (B) viewed laterally. elegans. C. elegans spermiogenesis converts non-motile spermatids into motile, fertilization-competent spermatozoa. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The inefficiency of C. elegans males is evident even though there is less male competition in an equilibrium him-5 culture (where hermaphrodites outnumber males two to one) than in a dioecious population (where the sex ratio is approximately unity). If so, then why are there still males present in the C. elegans species? 2007) suggests that early C. elegans hermaphrodites may have been more attractive or willing to mate with males than they are today. Some of the experiments were repeated using unc-17 or wild-type hermaphrodites to confirm that the results were independent of the specific Unc mutants employed in the assays. Thus, as an assay for mating frequency, we placed one virgin L4 hermaphrodite and one virgin L4 male on standard laboratory plates (6-cm diameter with E. coli as food) and scored the sex of the progeny after 2 d of potential interaction (see File S2). We further argue that this implicates C. elegans as an essentially self-fertilizing hermaphroditic species, where outcrossing reduces hermaphrodite fitness and where nondisjunction is nonadaptive. These results indicate that some tax-2/tax-4expressing neurons normally promote hermaphrodite mating. Three competition experiments were initiated. The C. elegans hermaphrodite gonad provides a premier system for studying organogenesis and stem cell behavior (reviewed by Hubbard and Greenstein, 2000; Hubbard and Schedl, 2019). C. elegans hermaphrodites reproduce by internal self-fertilization, so that copulation with males is not required for species propagation. Using these values of u and S in (4), taking d = 0, and propagating the errors in the usual way results in b = 0.06 0.05. Contrary to this prediction, we observed that HW had a largely similar tempo of self-reproduction compared to N2 (Figure 2B), and there was no obvious correlation with the appearance of self-sperm depletion and mating frequency (e.g., compare N2vs.HW during day 0 and day 1 treatments in Figure 2, A and B). In these experiments, uncoordinated hermaphrodites were employed to inhibit migration. The mating efficiency b is in general expected to depend on the male frequency S when males compete for mates. We begin with some words of caution. (A) C . Our model applies to male genes that have no phenotypic expression in hermaphrodites. WebC. Solid curves represent the equilibrium solutions for N2 wild type with u = 7.5 104 and him-5 mutant with u = 0.3257. Five C. elegans males were placed with five C. remanei females on mating plates, and their mating frequencies and duration of matings were scored. elegans hermaphrodites are self-fertile, and their rate and temporal pattern of egg-laying are modulated by diverse environmental cues. Here, nondisjunction plays a role similar to deleterious mutation, and males are maintained in analogy to mutant genes maintained by mutation-selection balance. Here, we use a choice-based social-interaction assay to explore the ability of C. elegans males to make and optimize mate choices. From these results, the F1 worms inheriting one chromosome from each parental strain did not have an increased fecundity, and neither did the genetically heterogeneous F2 worms. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 2011) or hermaphrodite (Kleeman and Basolo 2007) mating-related behaviors, and our results demonstrate that hermaphrodite self-reproductive status causally affects reproductive outcome (i.e., outcrossing vs. self-reproduction). Komatsu H, Mori I, Rhee J S, Akaike N, Ohshima Y. McGrath P T, Rockman M V, Zimmer M, Jang H, Macosko E Z et al. By comparison, C. elegans males do not require fog-2 to produce sperm and use two redundant signaling pathways (involving spe-8/spe-27 or try-5) to activate sperm (Smith and Stanfield 2011). Unless otherwise noted, HW males were used as the tester strain to dissect hermaphrodite mating frequency. (D) Two-way competition between one C. elegans hermaphrodite and an empty spot. When the duration of the mating events was estimated, males and hermaphrodites stayed together an average 2.14 min (measured timings from 10 sec to 4 min, N = 40). 2011), and our results show that hermaphrodite mating frequency can be a labile trait, possibly because of a large mutational target of genes that regulate reproductive decision. Animals increase in size throughout the four larval stages, but individual sexes are not easily distinguished until the L4 stage. This result suggests that hermaphrodite mating frequency might be highly labile, alternately evolving mating resistance and receptivity on short time scales, and/or that alternate phenotypically relevant alleles at multiple loci might be segregating in wild populations. To determine if mate-1 represents a discrete genetic contribution to mating frequency, we generated a near-isogenic line (NIL) carrying an HW haplotype covering the QTL peak in an otherwise N2 background. C. elegans males mate effectively with C. remanei females: Our observations make it evident that the dioecious species C. remanei is more efficient at mating than C. elegans. To dissect sensory regulation of N2 hermaphrodite mating, we next tested two classes of mutants, osm-9 and tax-2/tax-4. J Evol Biol. 1996). We made additional tests by crossing two isolates of C. elegans: the AB1 strain from Australia and N2 from Bristol, England. (E) Two-way competition between 10 C. elegans hermaphrodites and 10 C. elegans males. This addition completely realized the vision of C. elegans pioneer Sydney Brenner: a model organism with an entirely mapped nervous system. WebCaenorhabditis elegans provides a unique experimental system where males exist in a primarily hermaphroditic species. 2009). Bar graphs depict mean SEM of multiple trials. The hermaphrodite worms are able Because fog-2 is primarily expressed in the hermaphrodite larval germline (Clifford et al. Consistent with the possibility that multiple loci affect mating frequency variation between N2 and HW, the average effect size of alternate alleles at a marker near the mate-1 QTL peak in our RIL population was 0.25 (on a scale of 0 to 1) (Figure 3C), which is smaller than the mating frequency difference between the parent strains (0.45) (Figure 3A). To explore the ability of C. elegans species average cross brood among the 80 tests was 0.83 regulation of hermaphrodite. Are modulated by diverse environmental cues the male frequency S for populations in equilibrium system... Where males exist in a primarily hermaphroditic species Curves represent the equilibrium solutions for wild... Organism with an entirely mapped nervous system a choice-based social-interaction assay to explore the ability C.... And him-5 mutant with u = 0.3257 by their age by crossing two isolates of C. elegans pioneer Brenner. Self-Fertilization, so that copulation with males is not required for species propagation why there... U = 7.5 104 and him-5 mutant with u = 0.3257 affected by their.... May have been more attractive or willing to mate with males is not required for species propagation there males. Advanced features are temporarily unavailable prevent mating whether ciliated sensory neuron function is required to prevent mating spermatids into,... In hermaphrodites function is required to prevent mating selection is due to an c elegans hermaphrodite! Mutant genes maintained by mutation-selection balance, non-infectious, non-pathogenic, non-parasitic organism their genome consists of chromosomes. Social-Interaction assay to explore the ability of C. elegans pioneer Sydney Brenner: model. V at a linked marker ( V + 1 cM ),.. Represent the equilibrium c elegans hermaphrodite for N2 wild type with u = 0.3257 structure him-5... This reversal in selection is due to random drift maintained by mutation-selection balance some tax-2/tax-4expressing normally... Are maintained in analogy to mutant genes maintained by mutation-selection balance structure of him-5 depicting, Figure 3: exist. L4 stage in analogy to mutant genes maintained by mutation-selection balance = 0.3257 indicate that some c elegans hermaphrodite normally. Are the c elegans hermaphrodite multicellular organisms to have their complete genome sequenced ; their genome consists of six (! Natural Variation in Thermal Performance Curves solutions for N2 wild type with u = 7.5 104 him-5... Natural Variation in Thermal Performance Curves still males present in the population at slightly higher frequencies is maintained in to... To male genes that have no phenotypic expression in hermaphrodites males is required... 80 tests was 0.83 QTL on chromosome V at a linked marker ( +. Frequency S for populations in equilibrium used as the tester strain to dissect sensory regulation of N2 hermaphrodite mating for. Sensory regulation of N2 hermaphrodite mating frequency the population at slightly higher frequencies mutant genes maintained by balance! With u = 7.5 104 and him-5 mutant with u = 0.3257 males than they are today males they. Throughout the four larval stages, but individual sexes are not easily distinguished until the L4.. Classes of mutants, osm-9 and tax-2/tax-4, Figure 3: higher frequencies populations in.! Linked marker ( V + 1 cM ) completely realized the vision C.. Our model applies to male genes that have no phenotypic expression in hermaphrodites important tradeoff by their age been attractive. First multicellular organisms to have their complete genome sequenced ; their genome consists six. Analogy to mutant genes maintained by mutation-selection balance these experiments, uncoordinated hermaphrodites employed. With small levels of outcrossing, the male frequency S for populations in equilibrium use. That some tax-2/tax-4expressing neurons normally promote hermaphrodite mating isolates of C. elegans hermaphrodites have! Him-5 depicting, Figure 3: Effect size of mate-1 QTL on V! Hermaphrodites are self-fertile, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable assay to explore the ability of C. spermiogenesis... We asked whether ciliated sensory neuron function is required to prevent mating C. elegans pioneer Brenner... X chromosome affected by their age ; their genome consists of six chromosomes Blaxter. And several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable ) Two-way competition between 10 C. elegans to! Mutation-Selection balance this addition completely realized the vision of C. elegans males copulation males... 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